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Page Title: Table 2. Description of Phytoreclamation Processes by Contaminant Class
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Technical Note DOER-C3
May 1999
Some dredged material management plans may allow one or more of these processes to occur
concurrently or may require the processes to occur sequentially.
Table 2
Description of Phytoreclamation Processes by Contaminant Class
Contaminant Class
Major Plant Pathways
Phytoreclamation Process
Heavy metals
Uptake, Transformation
Extraction, Immobilization, Stabilization
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Degradation, Uptake ?
Degradation, Immobilization, Stabilization
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Degradation ?
Degradation, Immobilization, Stabilization
Pesticides
Uptake, Metabolism
Extraction, Degradation, Stabilization
Organotins
Uptake ?, ?
Degradation, Immobilization, Stabilization
Dioxins
Degradation ?
Degradation, Immobilization, Stabilization
Uptake, Metabolism, Degradation
Extraction, Degradation, Stabilization
A FRAMEWORK FOR DETERMINING PHYTORECLAMATION SUITABILITY: Prior to
initiating an evaluation of the phytoreclamation framework, it is assumed that the physical and
chemical characterizations of the dredged material have been conducted and a determination has
been made that the material is not suitable for open-water placement. It is also assumed that the
dredged material is contaminated and will require some form of treatment prior to a beneficial use.
Available treatment alternatives include bioreclamation (Technical Note DOER-C4), chemorecla-
mation (soil washing, stabilization, etc.), or phytoreclamation. Once the phytoreclamation alterna-
tive is considered, an evaluation can be conducted using currently available testing protocols. A
framework for accomplishing the evaluation is shown in Figure 4. The first step is to determine a
strategy and set goals to measure success. Will plants be used to reduce contaminant concentrations
or reduce contaminant mobility? Will the dredged material be left in place or removed for reuse
elsewhere? What is the ultimate use of the dredged material? The answers to these types of
questions will dictate what the phytoreclamation goals must be in relation to Federal, State, and
local authority criteria or standards.
The next step is to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the dredged material, based on
the condition it will be in during the phytoremediation process. These characteristics will deter-
mine, in part, the selection of plant species and soil amendments necessary to ensure plant survival
and growth. The effects of plant selection and amendments can then be evaluated to select the most
suitable combination. These plant/amendment combinations are then evaluated to determine if the
set goals of contaminant reduction/stabilization are met. Reclaimed dredged material must then
pass biological and chemical evaluation for adverse effects. Failure to meet these goals or avoiding
adverse effects criteria may require modification and additional testing of the phytoreclamation
process or evaluation through the chemoreclamation or bioreclamation framework. Materials
meeting the stated goals and passing the adverse effects criteria are then suitable for beneficial uses.
TESTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF PLANT GROWTH AND EFFECTS OF AMENDMENTS:
For purposes of cleanup or stabilization, the physical and chemical characteristics of the dredged
material must be determined prior to designing a phytoreclamation project. The recommended tests
include contaminant analysis, pH, texture, salinity, total organic carbon, lime requirement, cation
exchange capacity, carbon:nitrogen ratio, phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, described in WES
5

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