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 successful in evaluating capping success on over 20 capping projects to
date (SAIC 1995a).
Fredette et al. (1990a) outlines five steps for developing a physical/
biological monitoring program for open-water dredged material disposal.
These steps as shown below should also be followed in developing a
monitoring program for capping projects:
a. Designating site-specific monitoring objectives.
b. Identifying components of the monitoring plan.
c. Predicting responses and developing testable hypotheses.
d. Designating sampling design and methods (to include selection of
equipment and techniques).
e. Designating management options.
Fredette et al. (1990a) recommend prospective monitoring that consists
of observations or measurements that determine if site conditions conform
to a predetermined standard. In addition, unacceptable adverse effects or
unreasonable degradation are defined before sampling is begun. This is in
contrast to retrospective programs in which the magnitudes, types, and
areal extent of adverse impacts are not defined until after sampling is
underway and data are interpreted. The physical and chemical thresholds
that result in undesirable biological responses or effects must be
determined and the potential impacts of the disposal predicted.
The monitoring program should be multitiered, as suggested by
Fredette et al. (1986), Zeller and Wastler (1986), and Pearson (1987).
Each tier has its own unacceptable environmental thresholds, null
hypotheses, sampling design, and management options should the
thresholds be exceeded. These are best determined by a multidisciplinary
advisory group whose technical advice is sought in organizing and
conducting the monitoring program. A sample tiered monitoring program
pertaining to capping projects is outlined in Table 7. Each of the steps in
developing a capping monitoring program is discussed in more detail in
the following paragraphs. Note that not all the monitoring techniques
would necessarily be used at every site.
Monitoring Objectives
Setting attainable and meaningful objectives is a necessary first step in
the design of any monitoring program/plan. Appropriate objectives for a
capping-monitoring program/plan may include the following:
a. Determine bathymetry, organisms, and sediment type at capping site.
c. Define areal extent and thickness of contaminated-material deposit
to guide cap placement.
99
Chapter 9 Monitoring Considerations for Capping
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