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Page Title: 2.3.5 Reference Material for Plant and Animal Uptake Evaluations (Cont.)
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dredged material that they have no discernable effect on the response being
measured in the test plant or animal. As long as other requirements are met, it is
acceptable to choose reference soil/sediment and/or test species to achieve this
objective. In general, reference soil or sediment will be obtained in the vicinity of
the CDF.
In some cases, it may be appropriate for one reference site to serve more than
one CDF, or to use more than one reference material for a single CDF. This could
occur, for example, when the dredged material or the CDF has a wide range of
grain sizes or organic carbon, when management needs suggest that disposal of
different dredged materials at different locations within the CDF is desirable, or
when disposal of the dredged material at more than one CDF is being considered.
Reference material approach. Reference soil or sediment is generally
collected outside the influence of previous operations at a CDF, but near enough
to the CDF that the reference material is subject to all the same influences (except
previous dredged material) as the CDF. If there is a potential for sediment
migration or there is a reason to believe that previously placed dredged material
has migrated, reference material should be collected from an area outside the CDF
that is not expected to be influenced by material from the CDF. Both the reference
point and reference area sampling approaches described below allow statistically
valid comparisons and are appropriate under specific circumstances as described
below.
Reference point. This approach is used when the area outside the CDF is
sufficiently homogeneous that a single reference location is representative of the
CDF. A single reference location is sampled and the soil or sediment is tested
concurrently with the dredged material. The test results from the reference
material are compared to those obtained from plant or animal bioaccumulation
tests of the dredged material.
Reference area. This approach is used when the area outside the CDF is
heterogeneous and more than one reference location should be sampled to
adequately characterize it. Several reference locations are sampled, and a
composite of all the samples is tested concurrently with the dredged material. The
test results from the reference material composite are compared to those obtained
from plant or animal bioaccumulation tests of the dredged material.
Reference sampling plan. The importance of thoughtful selection of the
reference sampling approach cannot be overemphasized. To ensure that an
appropriate approach is used, information gathered during the site specification
process or other studies should be consulted for both the CDF and the reference
sites. In some instances there are differences in the statistical methods used in
comparing results from the various reference sampling methods to those obtained
from the dredged material being evaluated. There may also be differences in costs
among the approaches; statistical considerations are important in determining
which approach best fits specific concerns and conditions, including feasibility,
technical validity, and cost.
2-16
Chapter 2 Structure and Approach of the UTM

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