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Page Title: Table 1. Fish Species with High and Low Potential for Retaining Gastrically Inserted Transmitters as Adapted from Nielsen (19...
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ERDC TN-DOER-E18
February 2005
an underwater 35-mm camera. In forced ingestion, the tag is pushed into the stomach with a
glass or plastic rod. The tag is usually lubricated with glycerine or other suitable product. Tagged
fish are generally marked so commercial and sport fishermen can return tags (usually only
necessary if an archival tag is used). If radio transmitters are used the tag wire is typically fed
back through the gill slits and allowed to trail freely in the water. Forced insertion of acoustic
tags was used on 29 pre-spawning adult American shad as part of a pilot study on the York
River, Virginia (Olney et al. 2004). All but two tagged fish were successfully detected at upriver
spawning grounds.
A chief concern with stomach-inserted or ingested transmitters is loss of a tag through
regurgitation or egestion. Regurgitation rates vary greatly, depending on the fish species and the
relative size of the tag (Nielsen 1992). Table 1, adapted from Nielsen (1992) lists species with
high and low potential for retaining gastrically inserted radio and acoustic transmitters.
Table 1
Fish Species with High and Low Potential for Retaining Gastrically Inserted
Transmitters as Adapted from Nielsen (1992)
Species Likely to RegurgitateTag
Species Unlikely to Regurgitate Tag
American shad
White sucker
Alosa sapidissima
Catostomus commersonni
American eel
Northern pike
Anguilla rostrata
Esox lucius
Brown bullhead
Atlantic cod
Ictalurus nebulsus
Gadus morhua
White bass
Skipjack tuna
Morone chrysops
Katsuwonus pelamis
Striped bass
Coho salmon
Morone saxatilis
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Pink salmon
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chum salmon
Yellow perch
Oncorhynchus keta
Perca flavescens
Sockeye salmon
Atlantic salmon
Oncorhynchus nerka
Salmo salar
Chinook salmon
Brown trout
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Salmo trutta
Bluefin tuna
Sauger
Thunnus thynuus
Stizostedion canadense
Oviduct insertion has been used successfully with salmonids. Transmitter wires were allowed to
freely trail from the oviduct. Some studies reported expulsion of the tag within 7 to 13 days,
although Peake et al. (1997) reported retention longer than 14 days and up to 60 days for 70 percent
of tagged fish. They also reported that this technique might be suitable for sturgeon
(Acipenseridae) as well as several other taxa.
Another common method of internal tagging is intra-peritoneal surgery, which has been used
successfully for the past 20 years with several species of marine and freshwater fishes. In this
technique, a small incision is made in the body wall of the fish with a sharp scalpel. Mid-ventral
incisions are more commonly used than lateral incisions, reducing the chance of damage to the
internal organs, while decreasing the time necessary for healing of the wound. Incision length
should be as short as possible, but is determined by tag length and diameter. Shorter incisions
typically have less risk of tag expulsion and shorter healing times. Incisions are typically closed
with sutures or surgical staples. Surgical stapling is a quicker method of incision closure, but
requires removal of more rows of scales, which could lead to greater risk of infection. This
method of tagging requires adequate training of personnel to reduce injury and mortality to
tagged individuals.
13

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