References - trdoer40199

cases have been reported in livestock. Cattle and horses in the vicinity of a lead

smelter died due to lead exposure. A sharp decrease in total milk yield and a

significant increase in stillbirths and abortions were reported in dairy cattle that

ingested lead-contaminated hay. Eisler also notes that there is no evidence for

biomagnification of lead in the food chain of vegetation, to cattle, to the dung

beetle, nor is there convincing evidence that any terrestrial vegetation is

important in food chain biomagnification of lead.

At a water hardness of 50 mg/L, the acute sensitivities of ten freshwater

species range from 142.5 ug/L for an amphipod to 235,000 ug/L for a midge

(USEPA 1984). The lowest and highest available chronic values (12.26 and

128.1 ug/L) are both for a cladoceran. Freshwater algae are affected by

concentrations of lead above 500 ug/L, based on data for four species. Acute

values are available for 13 marine fauna and range from 315 ug/L for the

mummichog to 27,000 ug/L for the soft-shell clam. A chronic toxicity test was

conducted with a mysid; unacceptable effects were observed at 37 ug/L. The

ambient water quality criteria for lead is dependent upon the pH and hardness of

the water (Federal Register 1998).

References

Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1992). "Toxicological

profile for lead," U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

Washington, DC.

Centers for Disease Control. (1991). "Preventing lead poisoning in young

children- A statement by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA," U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services. No. 99-2230. U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, DC. 51-64.

Eisler, R. (1988). "Lead hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic

review," Biological Report 85(1.14). Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report

No. 14., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patuxent Wildlife Research Center,

Laurel, MD.

Federal Register. (1998). "USEPA national recommended water quality

criteria," 63(237), Part IV.

Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on-line database, accessed 1/99.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1984). "Ambient water quality criteria

for lead," Office of Water, Washington, DC.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). "Guidance manual for the

integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model for lead in children," EPA 540-

R-93-081 (PB93-963510), Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,

Washington, DC.

World Health Organization. (1995). "Environmental health criteria for inorganic

lead. No.165," World Health Organization, Geneva.

D47

Appendix D Toxicological Profiles